Sentinel locomotives & railcars
The introduction of diesel traction brought the railways into close
contact with development work for road vehicles and
marine craft. This was in contrast to steam where development tended to be
isolated, except for a few experiments with turbines or condensers which
were usually related to naval advances. The Sentinel products were major
exceptions as they formed an extension of the
Company's interest in steam road
vehicles.
The Sentinel railcars and locomotives
incorporated small, vertical water-tube boilers which powered
multiple-cylinder, high speed enclosed engines. The cylinders were actuated
by poppet valves and the final drive was either by chain or cardan shaft.
A few units were constructed with Doble, high performance
boilers. Hughes & Thomas is the key reference
where it is noted that the chain drive obviated pounding and nosing. The
company produced some excellently produced promotional literature at its
London Office: some of this is listed below. Lowe
estimated that 7000 of the highly distinctive engines were produced,
but the majority were used in road vehicles.
There is a section entitled professional papers which also includes an official accident report
Company literature
The "Sentinel" Waggon Works Ltd., London.
"Sentinel-Cammell" gear driven rail cars. London, Sentinel, 2nd ed.,
1931. 83 p. + 3 folding plates. 42 illus. (incl. 1 col.), 23 diagrs., 8 plans,
table.
"Sentinel-Cammell" patent light railway vehicles. London, Sentinel,
1932. 168 p. + 2 folding plates. 74 illus., 32diagrs., 16 tables, 16 plans.
Sentinel patent locomotives. London, Sentinel, 1927. 72 p. + folding
plate. 50 illus., 23 diagrs., 9 tables, 3 plans.
Some railway problems of to-day and their solution. London, Sentinel,
1927. 64 p. + folding plate. 25 illus., 10 diagrs., 5 tables.
Each work described above is a combination of detailed catalogue and
economic assessment. The catalogue sets out the specification for each product
in detail.
Articulated
Light traffic work with the "Sentinel" locomotive. Loco. Rly Carr.Wagon
Rev., 1927, 33, 281-2.
Narrow gauge back-to-back locomotive (described as articulated); also
non-articulated locomotives for narrow gauge passenger-carrying lines in
India and for the Egyptian Nile Delta Railway.
Locomotives 0-4-0T
Several contemporary references are listed below. sub-division has
not been attempted as a number of parameters could have been used, none being
applicable throughout. Lowe notes that
approximately 850 steam locomotives were constructed between 1923 and
1957
A GEARED shunting locomotive. Engineer, 1925, 139, 432-4; 436.
6 illus., 6 diagrs., plan.
Includes detailed sectionalized diagrams.
"SENTINEL" geared locomotive. Loco. Rly Carr.Wagon Rev., 1950,
56, 172-3. ilIus.
This series was not purchased by any British main-line system, but
it does show that the type was available after WW2..
For specific railways
GSR (Ireland)
SENTINEL locomotive No. 1, Great Southern Railways, Ireland. Rly Mag.,
1928, 62, 134. illus.
Illustration—no text: further information
under GSR M1 Class..
LMS
SENTINEL locomotive for Clee Hill, L.M. & S. Ry.. Loco. Rly Carr.
Wagon Rev., 1932, 38, 63. illus.
No.7164.
SENTINEL locomotives, L.M.S.R.. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1930,
36, 229. illus.
Nos. 7180-7183 : two-speed 100 h.p. type: No. 7163 illustrated..
Crabtree, J.A. The automatic control of small boilers.
Trans Newcomen Soc., 1970,
43, 93-112.
Includes Doble's developments, mainly for automobiles, but also for
Sentinel lorries (trucks), and for the Sentinel locomotive for LMS and railcar
for Southern Railway..
Comyns-Carr, C A. The application of the Doble steam power concept
to coal-fuelled rail traction.
Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1997,
69, 177-99. Discussion: 200-3
LNER
Wisbech & Upwell Tramway locomotive (Y10)
This is one of the odder locomotive stories. The double ended locomotives
were clearly intended for the Wisbech & Upwell Tramway (there is even
a photograph of one with that appellation painted on it, but were equally
obviously unsuccessful, and spent most of their lives on the Yarmouth street
tramways (not the Corporation electric trams)
SENTINEL locomotives for the Wisbech & Upwell Tramway, L. & N.E.
Ry.. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1930, 36,401-2. illus.
L.N.E.R. class .Y10 : a two-speed double-ended tramway locomotive.
Fell, G. The Wisbech & Upwell
Sentinels. Rly Wld, 1982, 43,. 521-3.
Ordered by the LNER in November 1929 the two Y10 class locomotives
were intended for use on the Wisbech & Upwell Tramway where the former
GER tram locomotives of LNER classes Y6 and J70 were the normal motive power.
The 200hp locomotives were similar to two locomptives deleivered to the Somerset
& Dorset Railway at about the same time but the LNER locomotives were
fitted with skirts and cowcatchers for tramway operation (A works photograph
shows one un-numbered locomotive with "Wisbech & Upwell Tramways" applied
to the side skirts. One, or both locomotives were tested on the line between
11 June 1930 and 30 May 1931. Thereafter, the locomotives spent most
of their time on the quays at Yarmouth, although 8404 was sent to Scotland
in February 1934 and was tested on the lines in Aberdeen docks and
briefly at St Leonard's Yard in Edinburgh, but was back at Yarmouth in May.
Reasons for the failure of the locomotives on the Wisbech & Upwell Tramway
are discussed with reference to the appropriate volume of the
RCTS History of locomotives of the LNER
Part 9B and The Wisbech and Upwell Tramway by Gadsden, Whetmath
and Stafford-Baker. There appear to be no photographs of the locomotives
working at Wisbech, but are relatively common of working on the street lines
in Yarmouth, although this article only includes view of them on shed at
Vauxhall.
Goodyer, W. The Wisbech and Upwell Tramway. Rly Mag., 1937,
81, 82-7. 2 illus., 2 maps.
Includes brief notes on the Sentinel tramway locomotives.
Gadsden, E.J.S., Whetmath, C.F.D. and Stafford-Baker, J. The
Wisbech and Upwell Tramway. Teddington (Middx.), Branch Line Handbooks,
1966. 51 p. + front. + 2 folding plates. 30 illus., 3 diagrs., 3 tables,
6 col. plans, 2 col. maps.
Includes notes and a sectionalized diagram of the Y10 class tram engines.
Hawkins, Chris and George Reeves. The Wisbech
& Upwell Tramway. Bucklebury: Wild Swan, 1982. 56pp.
Includes 0-6-0T and 0-4-0T tram locomotives (latter restricted mainly
to passenger traffic) and very brief mention of Y10 Sentinel tramway
lcomotives.
[Hawkins, Chris] Some new notes: early trials and tribulations of
running the Wisbech and Upwell Tramway. Br. Rlys. ill., 1995,
4, 530-45.
Mainly the difficulties faced with the local authorities. Includes
a photograph of standard Sentinel locomotive No. 8401 with J70 tram locomotive
on passenger train on 4 May 1927, (A. Garraway)
{Mitchell, Vic, Smith, Keith} and Ingram, Andrew C. Branch line
to Upwell. Midhurst: Middleton Press, 1995. 96pp.
It would appear that Andrew Ingham was the "real" author. Book is
interesting for containing photograph (figure 27 taken by W. Whitworth) of
Y10 Sentinel tram locomotive No. 8404 taken at Wisbech. Figures 27,
43 and 111 show experiments with Sentinel Y1 No. 8401 on passenger workings
on 4 May 1927, both at Wisbech and at Upwell.
White, Malcolm. The Yarmouth
train. 2005.
Some highly interesting photographs of the Y10 Sentinel locomotives
working on the quayside tramway system, including one visiting the Lacon
Brewery in 1936.
Tests
Hughes and Thomas quote tests on the LNER, which initially purchased one Sentinel GE. type on the maker's statement that it would save 50 per cent on coal, oil, stores, and maintenance. This was No 6170, new in January 1926. The results were so promising that three more were purchased in June, and by 1931 there were 55 Sentinel locomotives on the LNER.
An early official report of this railway stated:
The 100 H.P. 'Sentinel' engines are being used in replacement of ordinary steam engines employed on regular shunting work at Victoria Dock, Hull, at Pickering and at Goole. So far the engines are doing well and have enabled economies to be made which will be sufficient to write off the capital cost in less than two years. [Hughes & Thomas italics]
On another use for the Sentinels, shunting at wayside stations, the report said
On the pick-up working between Hull and Selby three freight train engines were employed, one working a pick-up from Hull to Brough and returning as a Class B through goods; another working a pick up from Selby to Brough and back, and the third engine proceeding light from Selby to Staddlethorpe, whence it worked a pick-up to Selby. By using a 'Sentinel' engine for intermediate shunting it was found possible to re-arrange the whole of the pick-up working so that in place of the three train turns previously mentioned there are now only two. . . . In this case and in that of a similar experiment on the Hull and Barnsley section the 'Sentinel' engine is also making economies in working costs sufficient to pay for itself within two years. [their italics again.]
NCC
The "Sentinel" Patent steam locomotive. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon
Rev., 32, 8-10. 3 illus., diagr.
NCC No.91.
S&DJR
Sentinel shunting locomotives, Somerset & Dorset
Joint Railway. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1929, 35, 142-4.
illus., 3 diagrs., plan.
Nos. 101 and 102. Includes sections.
Burgess, Neil. Somerset & Dorset
Sentinels: a consideration of their place in LMS locomotive history.
Backtrack, 2004, 18, 327-331.
S&DJR 0-4-0T Nos, 101 and 102 (BR 47190 and 47191). In some respects
the purchase was rather surprising: Radstock in which the locomotives
spent most of their time was an economic backwater at that time and the LMS
was disposing many of its L&YR 0-4-0STs, some of which saw further service
in industry. The Author suggests that the purchase may have reflected a more
general evalution, especially as 7191 spent the three years, 1932-5, at Kettering
and was at Highbridge from 1942-4 (KPJ but this may have reflected a shortage
of . spare parts during WW2. The locomotives were 200hp with double engines
and could be single-manned. John Edgington
provided corrections to table (see page 443). Many references.
Thorley, W.G.F. A breath of steam.
Vol. 1. London, 1975.
Page 95: Sentinel. One of the latter, No 7191, was
allocated to Kettering to shunt in the large goods yard there and I [Thorley]
was despatched more than once to fit a new firehole door to its vertical
cross-tube boiler. My recollection is that the door was made from some alloy
material which fractured rather easily and the door itself required to have
a good seating on the firebox shell plate.
Other railways
[Super Sentinel locomotive performing passenger duties on the Shropshire
& Montgomeryshire Light Railway]. Rly Mag., 1928, 62, 148.
2 illus.
[TEST of a Sentinel locomotive on the Derwent Valley Light Railway]. Rly
Mag., 1925, 57, 94.
This is not a very happy sub-division, but the article featured does show the highly distinctive WN 6412/1926 built for the 3ft gauge Kettering Iron & Coal Co. A table compiled from the Company's official records shows narrow gauge locomotives produced for United Kingdom customers. WN 7700 for the London Brick Company's clay pits at Stewartby clearly shows how the driver was shoe-horned into the low headroom 2ft 11in gauge locomotive.
Hutchings, John M. 'Sentinel' narrow gauge locomotives in the United Kingdom. Rly Bylines. 1998, 4, 14-22.
Ash clearing crane locomotives
According to Hughes & Thomas these were
Works Numbers 8157 and 8565 of December 1919 and December 1931,
respectively
"SENTINEL" crane locomotive, London & North Eastern Ry.. Loco. Rly
Carr. Wagon Rev., 1930, 36, 183. illus.
"SENTINEL" crane locomotive, L.N.E.R.. Rly Mag., 1930, 67,
44. illus.
This "locomotive" was a self-propelled crane which was designed to
clear ash pits at several locomotive depots.
Railway Correspondence & Travel
Society.Locomotives of the LNER. Part 10A. Departmental stock, locomotive
sheds, boiler and tender numbering. 1990?..
The self-propelling ash cranes are difficult to find, but are considered
on page 19 under Scottish Area. There were two of these Sentinel Works Number
8157 (LNER 773044) and WN 8565 (773066). They were not regarded as locomotives
yet were required to travel on running lines and were passed to run at 24
mile/h. The former worked at Eastfield and Parkhead in Glasgow where it was
known as Stoorie Annie. The latter worked between Haymarket and St
Margarets (but there were problems with track circuits), and later at Dundee
and Thornton. Figures 53-5. The cranes were supplied by Henry J. Coles of
Derby and had their own engine.
Railcars: (all had Cammell Laird bodywork)
1923 Original design with chain drive.
The first units were bought by the Jersey Railways
(see also histories of Channel Islands railways). According to
Hughes & Thomas Works Number 4863 of June 1923
and named The Pioneer was used on the 3ft 6in gauge Jersey Railways
and Tramways between St Helier and St Aubins and Corbière. The passenger
car was pivoted to the power bogie and the joint was filled with fireproof
leather sides to form a flexible connection with a steel plate on the top.
The wheels had rubber inserts to reduce noise and vibration. Coal consumption
was 4lb/mile and water consumption 2½ gal./mile. The vehicle was noted
for its smooth running. By June 1931 the unit had run 200,000 miles. WN 5759
was delivered in January 1924 and WN 5833 followed in March 1925. The Jersey
Eastern Railway acquired a standard gauge railcar WN 5655 in March 1925.
See also paper by Kelway-Bamber.
"Sentinel-Cammell " steam rail coach for use in Jersey. Rly Mag.,
1923, 53, 224-5. illus.
"Sentinel-Cammell " steam rail coach in Jersey. Rly Mag., 1924,
54, 323-5. illus.
Results of nine months service.
STEAM rail motor coach, Jersey Railways & Tramways Company. Loco.
RIy Carr. Wagon Rev., 1923, 29, 140-1. illus., 2 diagrs.
STEAM rail motor, No. 2, Jersey Railways & Tramways Company. Loco.
Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1924, 30, 77-80. 4 illus., 2 diagrs. (incl.
s. el.) 2 maps.
Includes sectionalized diagrams of the power unit plus results of
the railcar in service.
Bonsor, N.R.P. The Railways
of the Channel Islands. v.1. The Jersey Railway (J.R. & T.).1962.
(Oakwood library of railway history, No. 58).
Includes notes on the early Sentinel railcars which operated on this
3 ft 6 in gauge railway.
LMS railcars
According to Hughes & Thomas these were
WN 6177-88. They also cite Railway Gazette for "December" 1927 to note that
all these vehicles were in service in Scotland, although originally envisaged
for North Wales and Anglesey, the Wirral, the West Riding and the Southport
area as well as Scotland.
[L.M.S.R. contract with the Sentinel Wagon Co. for 13 rail-cars].
Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1926, 32, 303.
Includes proposed spheres of activity.
[Tests of a Sentinel-Cammell railcar in the Derby District, L.M.S.R.].
Rly Mag., 1925, 56, 418-19. illus.
Stuart W. Rankin. LMS Sentinel railcar operations between 1926 and
1938. LMS
Journal, 2011, (35), 47.
The response to this article was especially interesting for a letter
from John Hutchings (Issue 37 p.
78) which explains how the boiler was replenished with water
LNER railcars
New steam rail auto-car, L. & N.E. Ry.. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon
Rev., 1927, 33, 149-50.
Includes details of test running in the Whitby area.
STEAM motor coach trials on the London and North Eastern Railway. Loco.
Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1924, 30, 359.
Trials in the Whitby area.
TRIALS of Sentinel-Cammell rail auto-car. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon Rev.,
1926, 32, 270.
L.N.E.R. trials.
1928: 6-cylinder engine version with cardan shaft drive to a flexible bogie
A geared steam rail car. Engineer, 1928, 145, 551-4.
5 illus., 3 diagrs., table.
Includes results of tests on the steeply graded lines in the Whitby
area.
New Sentinel-Cammell geared rail car a new design for service on the
L.N.E.R. Rly Engr. 1928, 49, 203-6. 7 illus., 7 diagrs.
Sentinel-Cammell gear-driven rail cars, L. & N.E. Ry.. Loco.
Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1928, 34, 183-6. illus., 3diagrs. (incl.
s.el.), plan.
Includes sectionalized diagrams.
LMS
Sentinel-Cammell geared rail coach, L.M. & S. Ry.. Loco. Rly
Carr. Wagon Rev., 1930, 36, 368. illus.
Coach No. 4849.
[Sentinel-Cammell geared steam railcar for L.M.S.R.]. Rly Mag.,
1930, 67, 250-1. illus.
200/250 h.p. articulated railcar with a Woolnough boiler, L.N.E.R. 2291 Phenomena.
L.N.E.R.articulated rail car. Rly Mag., 1931, 68. 73.
Test run : King's Cross to Cambridge and back.
Sentinel Cammell articulated steam rail car, L. & N.E. Ry.. Loco.
Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1930, 36, 405-7. 3 illus., diagr., plan.
A 200 horse-power steam rail coach. Engineer, 1930, 150,
594-5. illus., 2 diagrs., plan.
Additional information
Lowe stated that the articulated unit used the Gresley patented system.
1932: Lightweight railbus
The Sentinel Co. produced a light rail bus for the Southern Railway
which incorporated a 325 lb/in2 vertical boiler and a Doble-type
engine. See also Holcroft Locomotive adventure.
Vol. 2
A new Southern Railway railcar. Rly Mag., 1932, 71,
436-7.2 diagrs., plan, map.
"Sentinel-Cammell steam rail-bus for the Southern Ry.. Loco. Rly
Carr. Wagon Rev., 1933, 39, 145-6. illus.
[Sentinel Cammell steam rail bus for the S.R.] Rly Mag., 1933,
72, 383-4. illus.
Sentinel railcar on Westerham Branch. Rly Gaz., 1936,
64, 577.
Holcroft, H.
Locomotive adventure. v.2. Running experiences. 1965.
Chap. XV (pp. 287-302) This is an exhaustive account of the Southern
Railway railbus which included its delivery along the West Coast
Mainline
Crabtree, J.A. The automatic control of small boilers.
Trans Newcomen Soc., 1970,
43, 93-112.
Includes Doble's developments, mainly for automobiles, but also for
Sentinel lorries (trucks), and for the Sentinel locomotive for LMS and railcar
for Southern Railway..
Ablett, N.L. Rail cars. J. rec. Trans. jr Instn Engrs, 1942/43,
53, 223-8.
Economics and engineering: includes the Sentinel type.
Anderson, E.P. Report on the accident that occurred on the 26th
July, 1929, through a steam coach colliding with the buffer stops in No.
5 platform road at Waverley Station, Edinburgh. Ministry of Transport:
Railway accidents which occurred during the three months ending 30th September,
1929. London, HMSO, 1930.
No.31 Flower of Yarrow (a 6-cylinder 100 h.p. type) was involved
in a minor accident which led to criticism of the brake gear.
Ballan, L. Light rail units for passenger and freight work. Loco.
Rly Carr. Wagon Rev., 1929, 35, 79-82; 120-1.
Abstract of a paper presented to the Newcastle and Sunderland Railway
Lecture and Debating Society. It gives details of operating experience with
both the Sentinel and Clayton units on the LNER.
Beaumont, J.W. Some suggestions
on steam locomotive design. J. Instn Loco. Engrs, 1936, 26
,417-24. Disc.: 424-37. (Paper No. 355).
Includes details of the LMS Doble boiler Sentinel locomotive.
Beaumont, J.W. The working of
light traffic on railways and the "Sentinel" engine. J. Instn Loco.
Engrs, 1927, 17. 30-53. Disc. : 53-9; 273-80 (Paper No.
209).
A description of the Sentinel locomotives and railcars, plus experience
gained from service on the LNER.
Comyns-Carr. The application of the Doble steam power
concept to coal-fuelled rail traction.
Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1997,
69, 177.
This includes discussion of the LMS Sentinel locomotive which had
a liquid-fuelled flash boiler and was constructed to act as a comparitor
to the internal combustion locotives being aquired in the late 1930s. It
also includes the railbus acquired by the Southern, and the metre gauge
locomotive for Colombia.
Kelway-Bamber, H. Modern steam rail
cars in service. J. Instn Loco. Engrs, 1929, 19, 143-63. Disc.:
163-70; 314-33. 2 illus., 6 diagrs., 12 tables. (Paper No.240).
Includes economic as well as technical aspects.
Kelway-Bamber, H.
Modern steam rail coaches. J. Instn Loco. Engrs, 1924, 14,
537-48. Disc.: 548-54. (Paper No. 170).
General comment on the Sentinel type, plus a detailed analysis of
operation in Jersey.
Matthewson-Dick,
T. Address by the President. How they run. J. Instn Loco. Engrs,
1967, 57, 155-96.
He had experience of both the more common types and of the articulated
Phenomena used on the South Blyth to Monkseaton service where it connected
with the electric services. It was capable of 45-60 mile/h and had a power
to weight ratio of 4¼. Two illustrations of the Woolnough boiler are
included. He did not recall much engine trouble, but there was constat anxiety
over the boiler feeds.
Poultney, E.C. Poppet valves
as applied to locomotives. J. Instn Loco. Engrs, 1930, 20,
704-6. Disc.: 706-15. (Abstract of a lecture).
The lecture was associated with a visit to inspect D49 locomotives
(with Lentz OC and RC valve gear) and a Sentinel shunter at Neville Hill
Depot, Leeds.
Tritton, J.S. Rail cars. J. Instn
Loco. Engrs, 1934, 24, 365-401. Disc. : 401-19. (Paper No.
322).
The paper is concerned with internal combustion units, but comparisons
with Sentinel automatically-fired units are given.
Willans, K.W. The geared steam locomotive. J. Rec. Trans. jr lnstn
Engrs, 1928/29, 39, 23-63. Disc.: 263-6. 10 illus., 13 diagrs.,
2 tables.
Clayton, Sentinel and other units are described.
Willans, K.W. Water-tube boilers
suitable for locomotives. J. Instn Loco. Engrs, 1930,
20, 157-79. Disc.: 179-96; 411-18; 688-92 + 6 folding plates. 2 illus.,
22 diagrs. (Paper No. 255).
Based mainly on Kerr Stuart experimental work on a Perkins boiler,
but most of the other small water-tube boilers are mentioned, especially
in the discussions.
Other material
Some of the older material, especially that by Kidner, is probably
now of dubious value
Bowtell, H.D.and Cook. A.F. The steam railcars of the L.N.E.R..
Railways, 1950, 11,179-80. 3 illus.
A stock list.
Bradley, D[onald] L[aurence]
Locomotives of the Southern Railway. London, 1975. Volume 1.
Pp 71-2 briefly survey the Southern railbus No. 6 ans the Drewry railcar
No. 5.
The LNER railcars in Scotland. C.S.
Carter and A.R. Maclean. Br Rly J., 1987, 2, 275-9.
Includes note that there was a suggestion within the Scottish Area
that railcars should be painted deep blue all over. Lines operated included
Stirling to Balloch; Aberfoyle and Blanefield; Kinross Junction to Alloa
and Ladybank; Stirling to Alloa, Alva and Dollar [KPJ Menstrie in 1946];
Thornton Junction and Methil; Hamilton to Blairhill and Shettleston; Edinburgh
District to several destinations, including Dalmeny and Ratho; North Berwick,
Dunbar, Penicuik and North Leith as well as Galashiels to Selkirk; Carlisle
District to Port Carlisle and to Silloth; and Aberdeen District from Aberdeen
to Culter and Banchory and to Dyce and Ellon.. See letter
from K. Hoole in Number 17 page 351 which indicated several errors. Illus.:
No. 33 Highland Chieftain at Ellon; No. 313 Banks of Don at
Thornton Junction in June 1934; No. 31 Flower of Yarrow on St Margaret's
shed; No. 39 Protector at Langholm. Mileages achieved are
quoted..
Coleford, I.C. Sentinel railcars. Br. Rlys ill., 1994,
3, 529-39; 624-34.
History of the development of the Sentinel railcars, mainly on the
LNER. Development included the fitting of deflector plates alongside the
chimney to stop smoke entering through the windows of the car. Includes
observations on names for cars, notably those of stagecoaches. Like many
articles in this journal there are quotations from official documents which
give an aura of "authenticity". The second part contains several illustrations
of (1) the CLC vehicles in two of which the chocolate and buff livery is
clearly visible (albeit not in colour); and (2) the cars painted brown during
WW2
Earnshaw, Alan. Lines to the [Carlisle]
Citadel. Backtrack, 1997, 11, 531.
page 531 Sentinel Rail Car Nettle on 16 Sept 1931 (caption
notes that tail loads of three vans or two coaches sometimes hauled on the
lines to Langholm and Silloth).
Edgington, T.J. Railcars on the LMS.
Backtrack, 2001, 15, 696-8.
Lists some of the routes on which Sentinel railcars worked, including
Strathpeffer branch; the Ayr to Girvan line via Turnberry,; Wanlockhead and
Horwich branches. Illus.:LMS Sentinel railcar No 2233 at Perth in 1932, Sentinel
railcar No 4144 ex-works (Erratum (date)
on page 114 Vol. 16), Sentinel railcar No 4151 at Hamilton Central, Sentinel
railcar No 4349 at Hamilton shed in 1933, List of Allocation of Sentinel
railcars and workings in 1932. Most withdrawn in 1935.
EXTINCT locomotive classes the London and North Eastern "Y3" class Sentinel
0-4-0's. J. Stephenson Loco. Soc., 1958, 34, 113-14.
Hoole, K. Railcars in the North-east. Rly Wld, 1957,
18, 257-61. 12 illus.
An account of the Sentinel types and of the Armstrong Whitworth diesel
electric cars.
Hoole, K. Sentinel locomotives. Rly Wld, 1958, 19,
235-40. 9 illus., 3 tables.
Restricted to the products used on the British main-line
railways.
Hoole, K. The Sentinel railcars and locomotives of the L.N.E.R..
Rly Obsr, 1952, 22, 150-3; 175-8; 209-10; 240-2; 319-20 + 5
plates. 16 illus., 8 tables.
Errata :1953, 23, 54; 147.
Hughes, W.J. and
Thomas, Joseph L. 'The Sentinel': a history of Alley & MacLellan
and The Sentinel Waggon Works. Volume 1. 1875-1930. 1973. .
This is a vital source of information about (1) the
Company and (2) the development of the
road steam lorries which were to greatly influence
the development of the railway locomotives and steam railcars described herein.
There is a section where the authors infer that Kyrle Willans may have been
influential in directing Sentinel towards locomotive development citing a
reference to an article by L.T.C. Rolt in Old Motor (but this aspect
is covered in Rolt's Landscape with
machines.
Jenkinson, David and Lane,
Barry C. British railcars, 1900 to 1950. 1996.
Chapter 4: A second chance for steam: pp. 46-57. Mentions but does
not illustrate Jersey vehicles and excludes Irish vehicles.
Kidner, R.W. Multiple unit trains, railmotors and tramways, 1829-1947
in : Kidner, R.W.
A short history of mechanical traction and travel. v. II: Rail.
Chislehurst (Kent), Oakwood Press, 1947. [vi] 150 p. + front. + 39 plates.
354 illus. (incl. 260 thumb-nail skitches). Bibliogs.
The main reference consists of four separate works, most of which
(but not this part) were also published separately. This part (pp. 107-50)
has its own bibliography.
Kidner, R.W. The railcar, 1847-1937. Sidcup (Kent), Oakwood
Press, 1939. 65 p. + 6 plates. 116 illus. (incl. 99 thumb-nail sketches),
7 tables.
includes a chapter on Sentinel and other steam geared
railcars.
Klapper, C.F. Derwent Valley Light Railway. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon
Rev., 1929, 35, 50-3. 5 illus.
Includes details of economies which resulted from the use of a Sentinel
locomotive.
Lathey, G. The hunting of the 'Steam
Pig'. Backtrack, 1996, 10, 78-80.
Workings of Sentinel railcar 51914 Royal Forrester in the Leeds
area during 1936/1937. Letter (page
278) claims same car worked Hertford to Hitchin.
Brian Orrell (page 222) had
not heard expression Steam Pig used for Sentinel railcars in Wigan/St
Helens area where they were known as the Chip Train. and back;
L.M.S.R. Sentinel railcar withdrawn. Rly Gaz., 1940, 72,
394.
No. 29913 : final survivor (100 h.p.—cardan drive
type).
Maggs, Colin. The branch lines of Gloucestershire. Amberley
Publishing. information gleaned from review by RH (Roger Hennessey?)
in Backtrack, 2012,
26, 443.
"the author finds room for many intriguing asides, such as the Sentinel
railcar that the GWR tried out on the Tetbury branch"
Oates, G. The Axholme
Joint Railway. 1961. (Locomotion papers, No. 16).
The Axholme Joint line nominally possessed one Sentinel
railcar.
Railway Correspondence & Travel
Society. The locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Part 6.
Four-coupled tank engines. 1959.
No. 12 had an extremely short life whilst No. 13 lasted until 1946.
Both entered service in 1926, but the former was withdrawn almost immediately.
No. 13 is illustrated.
Railway Correspondence &
Travel Society. Locomotives of the LNER. Part 9B. Tank
engines—classes Q1 to Z5. 1977.
LNER classes Y1, Y3 (covered together) and Y10. Lowe indicated that
the Sentinel locomotives were fitted with counter pressure braking: this
is also recorded herein. Commentators on counter pressure braking have probably
failed to note this exploitation of the system (it appears to have been standard
practice on both the locotives and on the road vehicles).
Railway Correspondence & Travel
Society. Locomotives of the LNER. Part 10A. Departmental stock, locomotive
sheds, boiler and tender numbering. 1990?..
Some Y1 and Y3 types as painted in Departmental Stock series are
illustrated. The self-propelling ash cranes are difficult to find, but are
considered on page 19 under Scottish Area. There were two of these Sentinel
Works Number 8157 (LNER 773044) and WN 8565 (773066). They were not regarded
as locomotives yet were required to travel on running lines and were passed
to run at 24 mile/h. The former worked at Eastfield and Parkhead in Glasgow
where it was known as Stoorie Annie. The latter worked between Haymarket
and St Margarets (but there were problems with track circuits), and later
at Dundee and Thornton. Figures 53-5.
Railway Correspondence & Travel
Society. Locomotives of the LNER. Part 10B. Railcars and electric
stock. 1990. 150pp.
Includes Sentinel and Clayton steam railcars which were numbered with
the carriage stock: this latter causes difficulties for the researcher as
less information wass available on carriage transfers.
Read, R.E.G. Good-bye to the steam railcar. Trains ill.,
1949, 2, 50-2. 5 illus.
Rolt, L.T.C.
Landscape with machines. 1971.
Now available within The landscape trilogy. 2001. This shows
Rolt's involvement with a Sentinel agricultural tractor, and with his observation
of Kyrle Willans' reconstruction
of a Manning Wardle at Blackwells engineering works in Northampton in 1922.
An industrial locomotive became in effect the first Sentinel locomotive by
using the chassis of Ancoats (owned by the Isham Ironstone Co) combined
with boiler , engine and chain drive from a Sentinel lorry. The Ironstone
Company was very impressed by the locomotive's performance. On page 92 Rolt
noted that Kyrle Willans' work for Sentinel had made him very conscious of
the shortcomings of the Sentinel boiler. Rolt was also well aware of the
limitations of the Sentinel boiler whilst using th Sentinel agricultural
tractor at Pitchill. Later Rolt encountered Abner Doble at the Sentinel Works.
The flash steam waggon was capable of doing the round trip from Shrewsbury
to Glasgow and back in less than twenty four hours.
Rutherford, Michael. Bogie
steam locomotives - Part 2. [Railway Reflections No. 42]. Backtrack,
1995, 9, 183-90.
Describes the bogie locomotive developed for Colombia and tested in
Belgium where it was demonstrated to Gresley, Bulleid, Clayton,
Stanier and Hawksworth.
Rutherford, Michael. Was
there a future for steam? - Part 1. [Railway Reflections No. 4].
Backtrack, 1995, 9, 183-90.
This part was mainly concerned with the development of high performance
steam engines for road vehicles, and the adaption of this technology to railway
traction. Stephen Alley was the
founder of the Sentinel operation associated with steam road and railway
vehicles. and development might have gone much further had the financial
state not been so severe during the 1920s and 30s, specially once Doble became
involved in the firm. Doble's best known contribution was to high performance
steam automobiles, but similar technology was applied to a railbus for the
Southern Railway and a locomotive for the LMS. The author also mentions Kyrle
Williams advanced water tube boilers, but the work ended with the failure
of Kerr Stuart, and the Swiss Locomotive Company's high pressure locomotive
with double acting Uniflow cylinders with jackshaft drive and the
application of the Woolnough marine water tube boiler to Sentinel railcars.
Rutherford, Michael. Some reflections
on the narrow gauge. Part 4. (Railway Reflections No.132). Backtrack, 2007,
21, 437-46.
Includes accounts of the performance of Sentinel-Cammell railcars
in the Peruvian Andes via Brian Fawcett's Railways of the Andes and
of the use of oil-fired locomotives on the Egyptian Delta Light Railways
and on the 2ft 6in Barsi Light Railway in India which:incorporated
Everard Calthrop's ideas for very
light axle loads. Includes diagram of the metre gauge bogie locomotives supplied
to Colombia in 1934.
White, Malcolm. The Yarmouth
train. 2005. page 70 upper
LNER Railcar Tantivy photographed at one of the camp
halts.on the M&GNJR between Stalham and Yarmouth Beach
during the summer of 1933: it carried 22,276 passengers between 17 July and
19 September
[WITHDRAWAL of LMSR. Sentinel railcar No. 29913]. Loco. Rly Carr. Wagon
Rev., 1940, 46, 83.
Bogie locomotive (metre gauge)
Tritton, Julian S. Locomotive
limitations. J, Instn Loco. Engrs, 1946, 36, 283-323.
(First Sir Seymour Biscoe Tritton Lecture)
Figure 7 shows the now well-known photograph of bogie locomotive for
Colombia in Belgium with distiguished guests, including Gresley and Bulleid.
Noted that locomotive had excellent ride and reached 56 mile/h.
The Super-Sentinel Waggon (lorry) was introduced in April 1923 at about the same time that the company started to manufacture locomotives and railcars. In many respects these vehicles were at least comparable with contemporary internal-combustion-engined trucks.
Patents (Hughes & Thomas: information requires verification)
Gearbox/differential
Alley & Simpson 1380/1904
Boiler
Alley 8566/1904
Vertical boiler with superheater used in lorries and locomotives until
1951: capable of being used on 1 in 6 gradients.
Engine (low speed)
Alley & Simpson 4248/1905
poppet valves
Injector
George Woodvine 124,634/1918
Differential/crankshaft (these all appear to be Applications for
Patents)
Alley 15,912/1916
Alley & Thomson 24,984/1919
Alley & Woodvine ??/
Alley 1132/12 January 1923
Camshaft
120,466/1917
Boiler
5719/1917 George Woodvine
18/1921 Alley
Oil burning
6024/1924 Alley & A.C. Hutt
15,337/1924 Alley & Hutt
Revrsing mechanism
12,438/1921
Alley 9166 1923
Alley and L.E. Slade 222,955 11 July 1923
Works number 5156 July 1923 for 750 mm gauge.
Central engine type (CE)
Alley 239,932 18 June 1924
Unlike the road vehicles the locomotives lacked a differential and
the velocity in reverse was identical to that in forward.
Double engine (DE)
248,835 December 1924
Each engine drove a separate axle, and the patent allowed for multiple
boilers and for articulation, but usually a 200 hp boiler supplying 4600
lb steam/hour was employed. It was to large for top firing and had a firedoor
just above footplate level. A squared firebox was used and was not supplied
by Galloways as this firm had gone out of business.
From March 1925, and possibly before, the locomotive version of the engine was redesigned for greater efficiency and economy in the valves, but the modifications could not be applied to road vehicles because of lack of space.
Double-geared locomotives (DG)
Alley 289,505 1927
Unlike most other locomotive manufacturers this company did not set out to manufacture locomotives or steam railcars, but had its origins as 'The shipyard on dry land' (J.G.R. Woodvine Introduction to Hughes). This shipyard began in Bridgeton in Glasgow and moved to Polmadie (better known to railway enthusiasts as the location of a major motive power depot. The major instigator of this concern was Stephen Alley, but it was his son, Stephen Evans Alley, who brought the firm capable of manufacturing locomotives and railcars into being.
The Sentinel Engineering Works had been founded by Alley senior in association with John Alexander MacLellan in 1875 in Bridgeton, Glasgow, and the firm moved across the Clyde to Polmadie in 1880. The firm built prefabricated ships and engines for paddle steamers and marine auxiliary machinery. In 1905 the firm bought its way into steam by buying the rights of Simpson & Bibby and moving the key people to Glasgow where the Sentienl Steam Waggon was developed.
In 1915 this activity was moved to a new factory at Shrewsbury alongside the LNWR mainline to Crewe. The development included model housing for the workforce where the factory provided hot water for domestic use including central heating. Unfortunately, the piping corrided by the late 1920s and gas-fired heating had to be substituted for the central source.
The boiler shells and fireboxes were supplied by Galloways of Manchester and Abbotts of Newark. On 17 May 1918 the "Sentinal Waggon Works" came into being with a Registered Office in Shrewsbury and independent from Alley & MacLellan Ltd in Glasgow. Stephen Evans Alley was Chairman of the new company
In 1925 a separate company, Sentinel Industrial Locomotives Ltd was established with its Office in Chester and with Arthur Thomson as its Assistant General Manager, but this activity had to be merged with that of the Railway Department back at Shrewsbury in 1928.
Doble boilers/advanced compound engines
Abner Doble, the American steam car designer, joined Sentinel briefly and this led to the locomotive constructed for the LMS which was fired with liquid fuel and was intended to be comparable with the internal combustion locomotives being evaluated at the same time. It also led to the Southern railbus and to the metre gauge locomotive for Colombia (which was inspected in Belgium by a party which included Gresley, Bulleid and Hawksworth). See especially Trans. Newcomen Soc., .
2012-07-18